Chemists :
Online available biographies of chemists, alchemists and other scientists.
See also: cross-references
to related topics on the left side.
To suggest a link please use our
registration form .
Agre, Peter
Nobel prize Chemistry 2003 [E] (SE)
Agricola, Georg
Biography, Photo (USA) [E]
Agrippa von Nettesheim
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim. Biography and numerous further addresses, also on available texts [E]
Alder, Kurt
Nobel prize Chemistry 1950 [E] (SE)
Altman, Sidney
Nobel prize Chemistry 1989 [E] (SE)
Andreae, Johann Valentin
Biography (USA) [E]
Anfinsen, Christian B.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1972 [E] (SE)
Aquinas, Thomas
Biography, Photo (USA) [E]
Ardenne, Manfred von
Short biography (D) [D]
Arrhenius, Svante August
Nobel prize Chemistry 1903 [E] (SE)
Ashmole, Elias
Alchemist (USA) [E]
Aston, Francis William
Nobel prize Chemistry 1922 [E] (SE)
Avicenna
Biography, Photo (USA) [E]
Avogadro, Amadeo
(USA) [E]
Bacon, Roger
Biography, Photo (USA) [E]
Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von
Nobel prize Chemistry 1905 [E] (SE)
Barton, Derek H. R.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1969 [E] (SE)
Berg, Paul
Nobel prize Chemistry 1980 [E] (SE)
Bergius, Friedrich
Nobel prize Chemistry 1931 [E] (SE)
Bernoulli, Daniel
Biography and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
Berzelius, Jöns Jacob
Text (USA) [E]
Berzelius, Jöns Jacob
Text and more (USA) [E]
Biringuccio, Vannoccio
Chemist 1480 - 1537 (FI) [E]
Boerhaave, Hermann
Chemist 1668 - 1738 (USA) [E]
Boettger, Johann Friedrich
1682-1719 (D) [e, d]
Bohmen, Jacob
Biography (USA) [E]
Bohr, Niels
(USA) [E]
Boltzmann, Ludwig
Biography and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
Boodt, Anselmus Boetius de
Alchemist ca. 1550 - 1632 (USA) [E]
Born, Max
Biography and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
Borrichius [Borch], Olaus
Chemist, Alchemist 1626 - 1690 (USA) [E]
Bosch, Carl
Chemist, Technician, Industrialist (D) [D]
Bosch, Carl
Nobel prize Chemistry 1931 [E] (SE)
Bourdelin,Claude
Chemist ca. 1621 - 1699 (USA) [E]
Boyer, Paul D.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1997 [E] (SE)
Boyle, Robert
Biography, Photo (USA) [E]
Brahe, Tycho
Biography and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
Broglie, Louis Victor Pierre Raymond duc de
Biography and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
Brown, Herbert C.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1979 [E] (SE)
Bucherer, Hans Theodor
1869 - 1949 (D) [D]
Buchner, Eduard
Nobel prize Chemistry 1907 [E] (SE)
Bunsen, Wilhelm Bunsen
(UK) [E]
Butenandt, Adolf Friedrich Johann
Nobel prize Chemistry 1939 [E] (SE)
Calvin, Melvin
Nobel prize Chemistry 1961 [E] (SE)
Cannizzaro, Stanislao
Italian Chemist (IT) [IT]
Cech, Thomas R.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1989 [E] (SE)
Celsius, Anders
Uppsala (SE) [E]
Chauvin, Yves
Yves Chauvin. Nobel prize Chemistry 2005 [SE] (e)
Chevreul, Michel-Eugene
Extensive biography (F) [F]
Ciechanover, Aaron
Aaron Ciechanover. Nobel prize Chemistry 2004 (SE) [e]
Corey, Elias James
Nobel prize Chemistry 1990 [E] (SE)
Cornforth, John Warcup
Nobel prize Chemistry 1975 [E] (SE)
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de
Biography and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
Cram, Donald J.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1987 [E] (SE)
Crick, Francis Harry Compton
Nobel prize Medicine 1966 [E] (SE)
Crollius [Croll], Oswald
Biography (USA) [E]
Crutzen, Paul J.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1995 [E] (SE)
Curie, Marie
Biography (Fr)
Curie, Marie
Nobel prize Chemistry 1911 [E] (SE)
Curie, Marie
Nobel prize Physics 1903 [E] (SE)
Curie, Pierre
Nobel prize Physics 1903 [E] (SE)
Curl Jr., Robert F.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1996 [E] (SE)
da Vinci, Leonardo
(D) [D]
da Vinci, Leonardo
Biography, informations, photos and further Internet sources (USA) [e]
Dalton, John
(USA) [e]
Davison, William
1593 - 1669 (USA) [E]
Davy, Sir Humphry
Short biography (USA) [ e]
de Hevesy, George
Nobel prize Chemistry 1943 [E] (SE)
Debye, Peter
Nobel prize Chemistry 1936 (SE) [e]
Debye, Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus
Nobel prize Chemistry 1936 [E] (SE)
Dee, John
Biography, Photo (USA) [E]
Deisenhofer, Johann
Nobel prize Chemistry 1988 [E] (SE)
Democritus of Abdera
Informations and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
Despagnet [Espagnet], Jean
Alchemist, 1564 - ca. 1637 (USA) [E]
Diels, Otto Paul Hermann
Nobel prize Chemistry 1950 [E] (SE)
Domagk, Gerhard Johannes Paul
Biography (CH) [d]
Dorn, Gerard
Alchemist, 1566 - 1584 (USA) [E]
Drebbel, Cornelius
1572 - 1633 (USA) [E]
Duchesne [Quercetanus], Joseph
Alchemist, ca. 1544 - 1609 (USA) [E]
Ehrlich, Paul
(D) [D]
Eigen, Manfred
Nobel prize Chemistry 1967 [E] (SE)
Einstein, Albert
Biography (USA) [E]
Einstein, Albert
Life and works (D) [D]
Empedokles
ca. 492-432 v. Chr. (D) [d]
Ercker [Erckner, Erckel], Lazarus
Alchemist, Metallurgist, ca. 1530 - 1594 (USA) [E]
Erlenmeyer, Emil
Short biography (D) [D]
Ernst, Richard R.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1991 [E] (SE)
Fenn, John B.
Nobel prize Chemistry 2002 [E] (SE)
Fermi, Enrico
Biography, Time Profile [E]
Feynman, Richard P.
Resources (USA) [E]
Fischer, Ernst Otto
Nobel prize Chemistry 1973 [E] (SE)
Fischer, Hans
1881 - 1945 (D) [D]
Fischer, Hans
Nobel prize Chemistry 1930 [E] (SE)
Fischer, Hermann Emil
Nobel prize Chemistry 1902 [E] (SE)
Fittig, Wilhelm Rudolph
German chemist, 1835-1910 (D) [D]
Flamel, Nicolas
1330 – 1418 (USA) [E]
Flory, Paul J.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1974 [E] (SE)
Friedel, Charles
Historical informations and documents (F) [F]
Fukui, Kenichi
Nobel prize Chemistry 1981 [E] (SE)
Galileo, Galilei
(USA) [e]
Galileo, Galilei
Information sources on Galilei (UK) [e]
Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis
Short biography (USA) [e]
Geber
Biography (USA) [E]
Geoffroy, Étienne-François
1672 - 1731 (USA) [E]
Gerbezius, Marcus [Marko Gerbec]
1658 - 1718 (USA) [E]
Giauque, William Francis
Nobel prize Chemistry 1949 [E] (SE)
Gilbert, Walter
Nobel prize Chemistry 1980 [E] (SE)
Glaser, Christopher
ca. 1615 - 1678 (USA) [E]
Glauber, Johann Rudolf
Biography (USA) [E]
Gohory, Jacques
alias Orlande de Suave or Leo Suavius, 1520 - 1576 (USA) [E]
Gorup-Besanez, Eugen von
1817-1878, Dr. med., Professor of Chemistry in Erlangen with emphasis on physiological Chemistry (Biochemistry). With detailed bibliography and original text (A) [D]
Grignard, Victor
Nobel prize Chemistry 1912 [E] (SE)
Grubbs, Robert H.
Robert H. Grubbs. Nobel prize Chemistry 2005 (SE) [e]
Haber, Fritz
Nobel prize Chemistry 1918 [E] (SE)
Hahn, Otto
Nobel prize Chemistry 1944 [E] (SE)
Harden, Sir Arthur
Nobel prize Chemistry 1929 [E] (SE)
Hardenberg, Georg Philipp Friedrich von
Novalis (D) [D]
Hartmann, Johannes
1568 - 1631 (USA) [E]
Hassel, Odd
Nobel prize Chemistry 1969 [E] (SE)
Hauptman, Herbert A.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1985 [E] (SE)
Haworth, Sir Walter Norman
Nobel prize Chemistry 1937 [E] (SE)
Heeger, Alan J.
Nobel prize Chemistry 2000 [E] (SE)
Heisenberg, Werner
(USA) (E)
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von
Short portrait, PDF-Text, HGF (D) [D]
Helmont, Jan Baptista van
Biography, Photo (USA) [E]
Helmont, Johannes Baptista Van
Alchemist, physicist, philosopher,1579 - 1644 (USA) [E]
Henckel, Johann Friedrich
1678 - 1744 (USA) [E]
Herschbach, Dudley R.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1986 [E] (SE)
Hershko, Avram
Avram Hershko. Nobel prize Chemistry 2004 (SE) [e]
Herzberg, Gerhard
Nobel prize Chemistry 1971 [E] (SE)
Heyrovsky, Jaroslav
Nobel prize Chemistry 1959 [E] (SE)
Hiaerne [Hjarne], Urban
1641 - 1724 (USA) [E]
Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman
Nobel prize Chemistry 1956 [E] (SE)
Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot
Nobel prize Chemistry 1964 [E] (SE)
Hoffmann, Roald
Nobel prize Chemistry 1981 [E] (SE)
Hoppe-Seyler, Felix
1825-1895. PDF (D) [d]
Huber, Robert
Nobel prize Chemistry 1988 [E] (SE)
Huettel, Rudolf
Complete text of an articel about the Chemist Rudolf Hüttel (1912-1993) and the Chemistry Laboratory of the universityof Munich in the 1930s and 1940s; by Freddy Litten (D) [D]
Humboldt, Alexander von
(D) [D]
Johnson, William
ca. 1610 - 1665 (USA) [E]
Joliot, Frederic
Nobel prize Chemistry 1935 [E] (SE)
Joliot-Curie, Irene
Nobel prize Chemistry 1935 [E] (SE)
Karle, Jerome
Nobel prize Chemistry 1985 [E] (SE)
Kendrew, John Cowdery
Nobel prize Chemistry 1962 [E] (SE)
Khunrath [Kunrath, Kuhnrat[h], Cunradius, Conrathus], Conrad
(USA) [e]
Khunrath [Kunrath], Heinrich
ca. 1560 - 1605 (USA) [E]
Khunrath [Kunrath], Heinrich
ca. 1560 - 1605 (USA) [e]
Kiliani, Heinrich
1855 - 1945 (D) [D]
Klug, Aaron
Nobel prize Chemistry 1982 [E] (SE)
Knowles, William S.
Nobel prize Chemistry 2001 [E] (SE)
Kohn, Walter
(USA) [E]
Kohn, Walter
Nobel prize Chemistry 1998 [E] (SE)
Kroto, Sir Harold W.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1996 [E] (SE)
Kuhn, Richard
Nobel prize Chemistry 1938 [E] (SE)
Kunckel, Johann
ca. 1630 - 1703 (USA) [E]
Langmuir, Irving
Nobel prize Chemistry 1932 [E] (SE)
Laue, Max von
(D) [D]
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
Biography (F) [F]
Le Febvre, Nicaise
ca. 1610 - 1669 (USA) [E]
Lee, Yuan T.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1986 [E] (SE)
Lehn, Jean-Marie
Nobel prize Chemistry 1987 [E] (SE)
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
(D) [D]
Leloir, Luis F.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1970 [E] (SE)
Lemery, Nicolas
1645 - 1715 (USA) [E]
Libavius
Andreas Libau, 1550-1616 (A) [D]
Libavius [Libau], Andreas
Andreas Libau, ca. 1550-1616 (USA) [D]
Libby, Willard Frank
Nobel prize Chemistry 1960 [E] (SE)
Liebig, Justus
Life and works (D) [D]
Lipperhey, Hans
(USA) [e]
Lipscomb, William N.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1976 [E] (SE)
Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon
Biography and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
MacDiarmid, Alan G.
Nobel prize Chemistry 2000 [E] (SE)
MacKinnon, Roderick
Nobel prize Chemistry 2003 [E] (SE)
Magnus, Albertus
(D) [D]
Magnus, Albertus
Biography, Photo (USA) [E]
Maier, Michael
Physician, alchemist, author and Rosicrucian, 1569 - 1622 (USA) [E]
Marcus, Rudolph A.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1992 [E] (SE)
Martin, Archer John Porter
Nobel prize Chemistry 1952 [E] (SE)
Mayer, Robert Julius
Short biography (D) [D]
McMillan, Edwin Mattison
Nobel prize Chemistry 1951 [E] (SE)
Meitner, Lise
Short biography (D) [D]
Meitner, Lise
Short biography, photo, further Internet sources (D) [D]
Mendeleev - Dmitriy Mendeleev Online
Infos and Links (RU) [e]
Mendeleev, Dmitri
(NZ) [E]
Merrifield, Robert Bruce
Nobel prize Chemistry 1984 [E] (SE)
Meyer, Julius Lothar
1830-1895 [e]
Michel, Hartmut
Nobel prize Chemistry 1988 [E] (SE)
Mitchell, Peter D.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1978 [E] (SE)
Moissan, Henri
Nobel prize Chemistry 1906 [E] (SE)
Molina, Mario J.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1995 [E] (SE)
Moore, Stanford
Nobel prize Chemistry 1972 [E] (SE)
Moseley, Henry
(NZ) [E]
Mulliken, Robert S.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1966 [E] (SE)
Mullis, Kary B.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1993 [E] (SE)
Natta, Giulio
Nobel prize Chemistry 1963 [E] (SE)
Nencki, Marceli
Polish chemist, 1847-1901 (PL) [E]
Neri, Antonio
ca. 1576 - 1614 (USA) [E]
Nernst, Walther Hermann
Nobel prize Chemistry 1920 [E] (SE)
Newton, Sir Isaac
Biography and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
Nobel, Alfred
(USA) [E]
Nobel, Alfred
Biography, official page of the Nobel Foundation (SE) [E]
Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford
Nobel prize Chemistry 1967 [E] (SE)
Northrop, John Howard
Nobel prize Chemistry 1946 [E] (SE)
Novalis
Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg (D) [D]
Noyori, Ryoji
Nobel prize Chemistry 2001 [E] (SE)
Olah, George A.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1994 [E] (SE)
Onsager, Lars
Nobel prize Chemistry 1968 [E] (SE)
Ostwald, Wilhelm
Nobel prize Chemistry 1909 [E] (SE)
Ostwald, Wilhelm
Preservation, disclosure and utilization of the Wilhelm Ostwalds estate (D) [D]
Paracelsus
Theophrastus Bombastus of Hohenheim, Zurich Paracelsus-Project (CH) [D, E]
Pasteur, Louis
1822-1895 (USA) [E]
Pasteur, Louis
1822-1895. La Galaxie des Pasteur (F) [F, E]
Patterson, Clair Cameron
Geochemist (USA) [E]
Pauli, Wolfgang
(SE) [e]
Pauling, Linus Carl
FU Berlin (D) [D, E]
Pauling, Linus Carl
Nobel Peace prize 1962 [E] (SE)
Pauling, Linus Carl
Nobel prize Chemistry 1954 [E] (SE)
Pedersen, Charles J.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1987 [E] (SE)
Perez de Vargas, Bernardo
16th century (USA) [E]
Perkin, William Henry
(UK) [E]
Perutz, Max Ferdinand
Nobel prize Chemistry 1962 [E] (SE)
Pettenkofer, Max von
Life stations of a genius. Umfangreicher PDF-Artikel (D) [E]
Planck, Max
Biography, works, private, bibliography, literature (D) [D]
Planck, Max
Stages of his life (D) [D]
Poincaré, Jules Henri
Biography and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
Polanyi, John C.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1986 [E] (SE)
Pople, John A.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1998 [E] (SE)
Porta, Giambattista della
ca. 1535 - 1615 (USA) [E]
Porter, George
Nobel prize Chemistry 1967 [E] (SE)
Pregl, Fritz
Nobel prize Chemistry 1923 [E] (SE)
Prelog, Vladimir
Nobel prize Chemistry 1975 [E] (SE)
Priestley, Joseph
(USA) [E]
Prigogine, Ilya
Nobel prize Chemistry 1977 [E] (SE)
Quincke, Heinrich Irenaeus
1842-1922 [E]
Ramsay, William
Nobel prize Chemistry 1904 [E] (SE)
Rey, Jean
ca. 1582 - 1645 (USA) [E]
Richards, Theodore William
Nobel prize Chemistry 1914 [E] (SE)
Robinson, Sir Robert
Nobel prize Chemistry 1947 [E] (SE)
Rowland, F. Sherwood
Nobel prize Chemistry 1995 [E] (SE)
Rutherford, Ernest
(NZ) [E]
Rutherford, Lord Ernest
Nobel prize Chemistry 1908 [E] (SE)
Sabatier, Paul
Nobel prize Chemistry 1912 [E] (SE)
Sanger, Frederick
Nobel prize Chemistry 1958 [E] (SE)
Sanger, Frederick
Nobel prize Chemistry 1980 [E] (SE)
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm
Extensive overhead film presentation (CH) [D]
Schlagdenhauffen, Frédéric
1830-1907 (F) [f]
Schott, Otto
Short biography (USA) [E]
Schrock, Richard R.
Richard R. Schrock. Nobel prize Chemistry 2005 (SE) [e]
Schrödinger, Erwin
Biography and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
Schrödinger, Erwin
Biography, photos, informations (A) [D]
Seaborg, Glenn Theodore
Nobel prize Chemistry 1951 [E] (SE)
Semenov, Nikolay Nikolaevich
Nobel prize Chemistry 1956 [E] (SE)
Sendivogius [Sedzimir, Sedziwoj, Sdziwj z Skrska], Michael
ca. 1566 - 1636 (USA) [E]
Sennert, Daniel
Short biography of Daniel Sennert (1572-1637) (USA) [e]
Sharpless, K. Barry
Nobel prize Chemistry 2001 [E] (SE)
Shirakawa, Hideki
Nobel prize Chemistry 2000 [E] (SE)
Skou, Jens C.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1997 [E] (SE)
Smalley, Richard E.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1996 [E] (SE)
Smith, Michael
Nobel prize Chemistry 1993 [E] (SE)
Soddy, Frederick
Nobel prize Chemistry 1921 [E] (SE)
Sommerfeld, Arnold
Short biography, scientific correspondence (D) [D]
Stahl, Georg Ernst
Biography (USA) [E]
Stanley, Wendell Meredith
Nobel prize Chemistry 1946 [E] (SE)
Starkey [Stirk], George
1628 - 1665 (USA) [E]
Staudinger, Hermann
Nobel prize Chemistry 1953 [E] (SE)
Stein, William H.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1972 [E] (SE)
Stinde, Julius Ernst Wilhelm
Time table, biography; pseudonyms: Theophil Ballheim, Dr. Böhm, Wilhelmine Buchholz, Julius Ernst, David Hersch, Homo, Monacensis, Julius Neuland, D. Quidam, J. Steinmann, Dr. Julius Stöhr, Alfred de Valmy, Richard E. Ward (D) [D]
Strecker, Adolph
Chemist in Würzburg, 1822 - 1871 (A) [D]
Sumner, James Batcheller
Nobel prize Chemistry 1946 [E] (SE)
Svedberg, Theodor
Nobel prize Chemistry 1926 [E] (SE)
Sylvius, Franciscus dele Bo
1614 - 1672 (USA) [E]
Synge, Richard Laurence Millington
Nobel prize Chemistry 1952 [E] (SE)
Szilard, Leo
Biography, publikations, informations on the atom bomb [E]
Tachenius, Otto
17th century (USA) [E]
Tanaka, Koichi
Nobel prize Chemistry 2002 [E] (SE)
Taube, Henry
Nobel prize Chemistry 1983 [E] (SE)
Thurneysser, Leonhard
1531 - 1596 (USA) [E]
Tiselius, Arne Wilhelm Kaurin
Nobel prize Chemistry 1948 [E] (SE)
Todd, Lord Alexander R.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1957 [E] (SE)
Torricelli, Evangelista
Biography and further Internet sources (UK) [E]
Urey, Harold Clayton
Nobel prize Chemistry 1933 [E] (SE)
Valentine, Basil
Biography, Photo (USA) [E]
van't Hoff, Jacobus Henricus
Nobel prize Chemistry 1901 [E] (SE)
Vigani, John Francis
ca. 1650 - 1713 (USA) [E]
Vigneaud, Vincent du
Nobel prize Chemistry 1955 [E] (SE)
Villanova, Arnold of
Biography, Photo (USA) [E]
Virchow, Rudolf
1821-1902 (D) [D]
Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari
Nobel prize Chemistry 1945 [E] (SE)
von Euler-Chelpin, Hans Karl August Simon
Nobel prize Chemistry 1929 [E] (SE)
Walker, John E.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1997 [E] (SE)
Wallach, Otto
Nobel prize Chemistry 1910 [E] (SE)
Watson, James Dewey
Nobel prize Medicine 1966 [E] (SE)
Wedel, Georg Wolfgang
1645 - 1721 (USA) [E]
Werner, Alfred
Nobel prize Chemistry 1913 [E] (SE)
Weygand, Friedrich
1911 - 1969 (D) [D]
Wieland, Heinrich
1877 - 1957 (D) [D]
Wieland, Heinrich Otto
Nobel prize Chemistry 1927 [E] (SE)
Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick
Nobel prize Medicine 1966 [E] (SE)
Wilkinson, Geoffrey
Nobel prize Chemistry 1973 [E] (SE)
Willstätter, Richard Martin
Nobel prize Chemistry 1915 [E] (SE)
Windaus, Adolf Otto Reinhold
Nobel prize Chemistry 1928 [E] (SE)
Wittig, Georg
Nobel prize Chemistry 1979 [E] (SE)
Wöhler, Friedrich
Very extensive (CH) [d]
Woodward, Robert Burns
Nobel prize Chemistry 1965 [E] (SE)
Wrangell , Margarete von
Short biography (D) [D]
Wüthrich, Kurt
Nobel prize Chemistry 2002 [E] (SE)
Zewail, Ahmed H.
Nobel prize Chemistry 1999 [E] (SE)
Ziegler, Karl
Nobel prize Chemistry 1963 [E] (SE)
Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf
Nobel prize Chemistry 1925 [E] (SE)
-
Subject category: Chemists
-
T he author- or copyrights of the listed Internet pages
are held by the respective authors or site operators, who are also responsible
for the content of the presentations.
-
To add your commercial site to this index use
the advertising order
form . To suggest a non-profit site (scientific information)
use the add-url-form .
back
© 1996 - 2007
ChemLin, AJ , updated on 10.03.2007